Retell lecture:

Galaxy Darkness 

Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, Kentucky, asked a very good question. Why is it dark in space?

That question is not as simple as it may sound. You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hour. But what about all those other far away suns that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion stars, and the entire universe probably contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that many stars would light u the night like daytime.

Until the 20th century, astronomers didn't think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe. They thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite.

Besides being very hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the night sky, you should see a star. Star should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle of a very thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with light. The problem greatly troubled astronomers and became known as Olbers paradox. A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself.

To try to explain the paradox, some 19th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the stars must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn't shine through to us. But later scientists realized that the dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves.

Astronomers now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe --- that is, a universe of limited size --- even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn't have enough stars to light up all of space.

Although the idea of a finite universe explains why Earths sky is dark at night, other causes work to make it even darker.

 Bomb calorimeter 

Why does burning a food item provide information about its value as a food? The nutritional value of food can be measured on many different scales. The most basic measurement scale is the free energy content of the food. In other words, how much energy is released when chemical bonds within the food are broken. The energy content of food is measured in calories, the amount of kinetic energy required to raise the temperature of one ml of water, one-degree C. Food is burned under controlled conditions, breaking chemical bonds, and releasing free energy. The burning is chemically similar to the breakdown of food in cellular respiration although the process occurs much more quickly and in a less controlled fashion during ignition.  

Australian Export 

In the past, Australia was concerned about its geographical location, which may result in Australia being isolated from North America, UK, and later America.

Nevertheless, nowadays with the rise of Asian countries, especially China, Australia has become a great export country with a perfect location.

Currently, Japan is the largest exporting country in Australia, but China may become the largest one in the future. Australia should take advantage of China's raise to develop its exports.

Churchill  

The Right Honorable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, was a British statesman, best known as the prime minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. At various times a soldier, journalist, author, and politician, Churchill is generally regarded as one of the most important leaders in British and world history. Considered reactionary on some issues, such as granting independence to Britain's colonies and at times regarded as a self- promoter who changed political parties to further his career, it was his wartime leadership that earned him iconic status. Some of his peacetime decisions, such as restoring the Gold Standard in 1924, were disastrous as was his World War I decided to land troops on the Dardanelles. However, during 1940, when Britain alone-opposed Hitler's Nazi Germany in the free world, his stirring speeches inspired, motivated and uplifted a whole people during their darkest hour. Churchill saw himself as a champion of democracy against tyranny and was profoundly aware of his own role and destiny. Indeed, he believed that God had placed him on earth to carry out heroic deeds for the protection of Christian civilization and human progress. A providential understanding of history would concur with Churchill's self-understanding. Considered old-fashioned, even reactionary by some people today, he was actually a visionary whose dream was of a united world, beginning with a union of the English-speaking peoples, then embracing all cultures. In his youth, he cut a dashing figure as a cavalry officer as seen in the 1972 film Young Winston directed by Richard Attenborough, but the images of him that are the most widely remembered are as a rather overweight, determined, even pugnacious looking senior statesman as he is depicted to the right.

Eukaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Cells  

The number one biggest difference between the bacteria in your body and the cells making up your body are these tiny cellular components called organelles.

Organelles are simply membrane-bound compartments within a cell, such as a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum.

You are a eukaryote. Your cells are eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, plants, fungi, insects, and me. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotes include two groups, bacteria and another group called Achaea

100 CEO Survey  

The lecture mainly talks about a survey of 100 CEO.

At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that the survey is about which area of activity should contribute most effort.

He further discussed that the result from the survey is IT because IT make a huge influence on our society. And it is time-consuming and complex.

At the end of the lectures, he concluded that the other two are marketing of sales and financial management and they are equally important.

 Mega City 

Global population has increased by 4 folds, from 1.5 billion in 1900 to 6 billion in 2000.

While resource consumption has increased more significantly by 16 folds over the century.

Due to urbanization, cities, which only account for 2% of the land, have 50% of the total population and consume 75% of the resources.

People not only use every resource but also produce tons of wastes.

双语保护（新题）

参考资料：

Want to protect against the effects of Alzheimer's? Learn another language. That's the takeaway from recent brain research, which shows that bilingual people's brains function better and for longer after developing the disease.

While all the patients had similar levels of cognitive impairment, the researchers found that those who were bilingual had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's about four years later, on average, than those who spoke just one language. And the bilingual people reported their symptoms had begun about five years later than those who spoke only one language.

A study outlined in PLOS One looked at the effects of being multilingual—that is, knowing and using more than two languages. The study consisted of participants who displayed some beginning cognitive impairment but had not been diagnosed with dementia. The researchers found that the participants who practiced more than two languages had a reduced risk of cognitive decline—in fact, up to seven times the protection against cognitive decline as did those who used only two languages.

Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Learning a Second Language Protects Against Alzheimer's. The connection between being bilingual and experiencing a reduced risk of dementia is not yet fully understood, but it does appear to be supported by many research studies. Learning and using a second language may be a beneficial way to exercise your brain and enjoy cross-cultural communication.

Chest X-ray

参考阅读材料

The questions I want to try to answer today are what is Biomedical Engineering? To answer the question what is Biomedical Engineering, we’ re going to spend time on that today and we'll spend time on Thursday, and I want to approach it from a couple of different angles.

One is by just showing you a series of pictures which you might recognize and talk about why this is an example of Biomedical Engineering. This is one picture that probably you all know what it is when you see it, it’ s a familiar looking image. It's something that probably we all have some personal experience with, right?

This is a chest x-ray that would be taken in your doctor's office, for example, or a radiologist’ s office. And it is a good example of Biomedical Engineering and that it takes a physical principle, that is how x-rays interact with the tissues of your body, and it uses that physics, that physical principle to develop a picture of what’ s inside your body, so to look inside and see things that you couldn’t see without this device.

And you’H recognize some of the parts of the image, you can see the ribcage here, the bones, you can see the heart is this large bright object down here.

If you're - have good eyesight from the distance that you’ re at you can see the vessels

leading out of the heart and into the lungs, and the lungs are these darker spaces with the ribcage.

Rising temperature on Earth

The Earth's temperature is rising. And as it does, springtime phenomena—like the first bloom of flowers—are getting earlier and earlier. But rising temperatures aren't the only factor. Urban light pollution is also quickening the coming of spring.

"So temperature and light are really contributing to a double whammy of making everything earlier." Richard french-Constant, an entomologist at the University of Exeat. He and his colleagues compiled 13 years of data from citizen scientists in the U.K., who tracked the first bud burst of four common trees. Turns out, light pollution— from streetlights in cities, and along roads—pushed bud burst a full week earlier.

Way beyond what rising temperatures could achieve. This disruptive timing can ripple through the ecosystem. "The caterpillars that feed on trees are trying to match the hatching of their eggs to the timing of bud burst. Because the caterpillars want to feed on the juiciest and least chemically protected leaves. And it's not just the caterpillars, of course, that are important.

But the knock-on effect is on nesting birds, which are also trying to hatch their chicks at the same time that there's the maximum number of caterpillars." So earlier buds could ultimately affect the survival of birds, and beyond.

The findings are in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The world's becoming increasingly urbanized, and light pollution is growing—which french-Constant says could trick trees into budding earlier and earlier. But smarter lighting—like LEDs that dial down certain wavelengths—could help. "Perhaps the exciting thing is, if we understand more about how light affects this bud burst, we might be able to devise smarter sort of street lighting that has less red

Writing

Summarize Spoken Text:

诺贝尔奖

原文

This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United Nations Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent, painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change.

The other award winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more time telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in careful study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained.

Gore told the world in his Academy Award winning movie (recently labeled “one sided” and containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20 foot sea level rises over this century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co winners, the IPCC, who conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half foot and two feet over this century, with their best expectation being about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over the past 150 years.

Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it means for the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current rate of melting would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of the century. Gore also takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher in 1941 than they are today.

Gore also frets about the future of polar bears. He claims they are drowning as their icy habitat disappears. However, the only scientific study showing any such thing indicates that four polar bears drowned because of a storm.

The politician turned movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat related deaths. There’s another side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention分答案 rising temperatures will reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much bigger killer than heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400,000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of the economic effects of climate change for the world, global warming will actually save lives.

要点：

• 有一年诺贝尔奖得主 IPCC 美国前副总统

• 两个 winner 对 global climate change 有分歧

• 一个觉得严重 一个觉得不严重 还导致冻死的人下降

65分答案

This year’s Nobel peace prize justly rewards the IPCC scientists who are engaged in excellent, painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change; the other award winner, former US vice- president AI Gore, has spent much more time telling us what to fear and does not seem to be similarly restrained.

79分答案

AI Gore, the winner of Nobel peace prize, who exaggerated the sea level rise, ignored facts about Greenland’s temperature and overlooked facts about heat-related deaths, is not scientifically restrained as his co-winner IPCC scientists who did excellent work regarding climate change.

Technology prediction

原文

As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British Department for Education seemed to think in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could have predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for person to person communication, rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the 'experts', seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the technology of the Internet with the development of other information and communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question. You might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotex systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about them on line, so, rather than take up space here, I've briefly described them in a separate article.

要点：

• IBM 的 chairman 成功预测到电脑的流行，但 Microsoft 却没有成功预测到网络的 盛行。

• 所有人包括专家都无法预测未来科技的发展。

• 因为我们预测的方法是以过去科技发展经历为经验，但没人可知过去与未来的关系

• 虽然我们可以通过过去的信息及经验 extrapolate 未来，但是这种做法 remain an open question。

SLP 警察（有原文+参考答案）

原文

Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate students. The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been allocated to public and private high schools across the state.

Organisers say the officers, who began work last week, will build positive relationships between police and students. But parent groups warned of potential dangers of armed police working at schools in communities where police relations were already under strain.

Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to students about issues including shoplifting, offensive behaviour, graffiti and drugs and alcohol. They can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis, began work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at Alexandria Park Community School's senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at The Rocks, he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross. Constable Purvis said the full time position would see him working on the broader issues of crime prevention. "I am not a security guard," he said. "I am not there to patrol the school.

We want to improve relationships between police and schoolchildren, to have positive interaction. We are coming to the school and giving them knowledge to improve their own safety."

The use of fake ID among older students is among the issues he has already discussed with principals.

Parents' groups responded to the program positively, but said it may spark a range of community reactions.

"It is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could be some positive benefits," Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer Danielle Cronin said. "Different communities will respond to this kind of presence in different ways.

65分答案

Armed police have been introduced to schools across the state of NSW for reducing crime rates and educating students, and they will build positive relationships with students despite the relations were already under strain, although constable Purvis pointed out some issues identified like the use of fake ID, it is undeniable the idea of sending police to schools is innovative and there are positive benefits.

79分答案 

Some parents think it is a good thing and an innovative idea that 40 School Liaison Police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate students by conducting crime prevention workshops and advising school principals.

Parent’s born order affects their parenting

原文

Parents' own birth order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are raising replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples, such as a firstborn parent getting into "raging battles" with a firstborn child. "Both are used to getting the last word. Each has to be right. But the parent has to be the grown up and step out of that battle," he advises. When youngest children become  parents,  Agati  cautions  that  because  they  "may  not  have  had  high expectations placed on them, they in turn may not see their kids for their abilities." But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be more social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a harder time with social situations. These parents can help their eldest kids loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order didn't seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz's  oldest,  Joshua,  mirroring  the age  difference  between Susan and her own older brother. "I would see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me," she says of the taunting and teasing by a much older sibling.

"I had to try not to always take Julie's side." Biases can surface no matter what your own birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I can be harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me," she says of her reactions to her daughters' tussles.

"My husband is a firstborn. He's always sticking up for the oldest. He feels bad for her that the others came so fast. He helps me to see what that feels like, to have that attention and then lose it." Silverstone sees birth order triggers as "an opportunity to heal parts of ourselves. I've learned to teach my middle daughter to stand up for herself. My mother didn't teach me that. I'm conscious of giving my middle daughter tools so she has a nice way to protect herself."

Whether or not you subscribe to theories that birth order can affect your child's personality, ultimately, "we all have free will," Agati notes. It's important for both parents and kids to realize that, despite the characteristics often associated with birth order, "you're not locked into any role."

要点：

• 父母生的顺序会影响他们的教育方式

• 举例：他们生了第二个小孩后，发现不会像以前一味地相信大的孩子，因为他们知 道自己的 older brother 在童年时是如何对待他们的

65分答案

Even though parents' characteristics are often associated with their birth order and biases can surface no matter what their birth position was, which can affect their parenting styles, we still have free will and are not locked into any role.

79分答案

Parent’s birth orders can shape their characteristics, cause biases and affect their parenting style in families with similar dynamics as the ones they were raised in, but we all have free will and are not locked into any role, which can be an opportunity to heal parts of ourselves.

蝴蝶效应

要点：

• 讲个人（individual）的一些很小的行为会导致温室气体（green gas）增加

• 但是结果是所有人去承受 个人反而不会有太多的责任心 所有政府引进了一些规范 和 税收

•Individual 行为造成对环境的不良影响，最后要用 government regulation 和 taxation来让他们觉得是要承担 cost

The study of human remains

Human remains are a fundamental part of the archaeological record, offering unique insights into the lives of individuals and populations in the past. Like many archaeological materials human remains require distinctive and specialised methods of recovery, analysis and interpretation, while technological innovations and the accumulation of expertise have enabled archaeologists to extract ever greater amounts of information from assemblages of skeletal material. Alongside analyses of new finds, these advances have consistently thrown new light on existing collections of human remains in museums, universities and other institutions. Given the powerful emotional, social and religious meanings attached to the dead body, it is perhaps unsurprising that human remains pose a distinctive set of ethical questions for archaeologists.

With the rise of indigenous rights movements and the emergence of post-colonial nations the acquisition and ownership of human remains became a divisive and politically loaded issue. It became increasingly clear that many human remains in museum collections around the world represented the traces of colonial exploitation and discredited pseudo-scientific theories of race. In the light of these debates and changing attitudes, some human remains were returned or repatriated to their communities of origin, a process which continues to this day. Recently a new set of challenges to the study of human remains has emerged from a rather unexpected direction: the British government revised its interpretation of nineteenth-century burial legislation in a way that would drastically curtail the ability of archaeologists to study human remains of any age excavated in England and Wales. This paper examines these extraordinary events and the legal, political and ethical questions that they raise.

The Emergence of Compulsory Reburial

In April 2008 the British government announced that, henceforth, all human remains archaeologically excavated in England and Wales should be reburied after a two- year period of scientific analysis. Not only would internationally important prehistoric remains have to be returned to the ground, removing them from public view, but also there would no longer be any possibility of long-term scientific investigation as new techniques and methods emerged and developed in the future. Thus, while faunal remains, potsherds, artefacts and environmental samples could be analysed and re- analysed in future years, human remains were to be effectively removed from the curation process. Archaeologists and other scientists were also concerned that this might be the first step towards a policy of reburying all human remains held in museum collections in England and Wales including prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, Viking and Medieval as well as more recent remain

65分答案

Human remains are a fundamental part of the archaeological record and has powerful emotional, social and religious meanings; British government announced that all human remains archaeologically excavated in England and Wales should be reburied after a two-year period of scientific analysis.

79分答案

Although human remains are a fundamental part of the archaeological record and has powerful emotional, social and religious meanings, British government announced that all human remains archaeologically excavated in England and Wales should be reburied after a two-year period of scientific analysis, which drastically curtail the ability of archaeologists to study human remains and caused concerns Archaeologists and other scientists.

Money Capital

Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan's Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder-members of what would become the world's mighty money capital?

Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn't have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon's international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital's financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary bond market and the City dominates foreign exchange trading.

For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes-Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan.

65分答案

London is the world’s mighty money capital, but the progress started with the little band of stockbrokers from a coffee house, and it dominates the global secondary bond market and foreign exchange by overtaking other rival cities, which makes it favoured by foreigners in finance.

79分答案

The progress of how London, the UK’s financial hub, became the world’s mighty money capital was not entirely smooth, during which London overtook its rivals against the odds, and now dominates foreign exchange trading and is favored by foreigners in finance.

Reading

Re-order Paragraph

A. After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.  

B. After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.

C. During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances.

D. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois, Peoria and Chicago.

答案： A D C B

A. But the map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive.

B. This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground’s historic difficulty in grasping the concept of punctuality.

C. This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard to the reality of either political divisions or the changing seasons.

D. For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world.

答案：D B A C

A. He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defence against a Native American attack such as the one that forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier.

B. Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with two ships carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking.

C. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.

D. The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had founded La Florida and St. Augustine the year before.

答案：B A D C

A. They pointed to the "Asian paradox," lower rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of smoking.  

B. They theorized that the 1.2 litres of green tea consumed by many Asians each day, provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants.

C. Specifically, green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the "bad" type), which in turn can reduce the build-up of plaque in arteries, the researchers wrote.

D. In May 2006, researchers at Yale University weighed in on green tea's health benefits with a review article that examined more than 100 studies on the subject.  

E.  These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health.

答案：D A B E C

A. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.

B. Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s, such as Charles Lindbergh’s transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith’s transpacific flight the following year.

C. By the beginning of World War 2, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available.

D. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.

答案： B D C A

A.  In the U.S., Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In Japan, people were dying of mercury poisoning.

B.  The environmental revolution has been almost 3 decades in the making, and it has changed forever how companies do business.  

C. In the 1960s and 1970s, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact on the environment.  

D. Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of support for strict government regulation.

E. Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to the environment.

答案：B C D A E

A.  The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of views different from their own and to accept change or compromise.  

B. They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about the outcome that is eventually agreed.

C. It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person immediately to accept the logic of the exposition.

D. In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve an issue on which two people initially have different views.

E. People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt to rush them into agreement.

答案： D A C B E

FIB

DNA Barcoding 

DNA barcoding was invented by Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph, in Ontario, Canada, in 2003. His idea was to generate a unique identification tag for each species based on a short stretch of DNA. Separating species would then be a simple task of sequencing this tiny bit of DNA. Dr Hebert proposed part of a gene called cytochrome oxidase I (COI) as suitable to the task. All animals have it. It seems to vary enough, but not too much, to act as a reliable marker. And it is easily extracted, because it is one of a handful of genes found outside the cell nucleus, in structures called mitochondria. 

Barcoding has taken off rapidly since Dr Hebert invented it. When the idea was proposed, it was expected to be a boon to taxonomists trying to name the world's millions of species. It has, however, proved to have a far wider range of uses than the merely academic— most promisingly in the realm of public health.

Wolf 

The two researchers showed that reintroducing the wolves was correlated with increased growth of willow and cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as elk were avoiding sites from which they couldn't easily escape, the scientists claimed. And as the woody plants and trees grew taller and thicker, beaver colonies expanded. 

Visual art 

It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a pre-writing stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to elaborate, add details, and create more coherent text. 

The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of the writing process, 

i.e., fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers tend to be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing second approach. 

English class at Beijing Language 

There were twenty-six freshman in majoring in English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983. I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boys and girls who have come from big cities in China. I was told that language study required smallness so that we would each get more attention from skillful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the class. 

I realized that my classmates were ready all talking in English, simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn’t understand it at all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before I sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them speaking back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of beating the city forks was thawing before my eyes 

Australian overseas departures 

Over the past ten years Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2 million. This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of short-term resident departures. The models are specified in terms of a double logarithmic linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and overseas and the exchange rate as independent variables. 

The models were estimated using historical times series data from 1974 to 1998. The data were obtained from several sources such as the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters are consistent with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident departures is positively influenced by per capita real household disposable income; and the price of domestic travel and accommodation, are negativism influenced by the price of travel and accommodation overseas.

The estimated demand models were used to develop the Tourism Forecasting Council’s long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest the number of short-term resident departures will increase strongly over the next ten years, largely due to the strength of the Australian economy, competitive travel prices, and Australians’ interest in experiencing different cultures and lifestyles. 

 Folklove 

Folklove A modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre- literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition. Adjective: folkloric. 

A Painful Loss 

This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when his mother became ill and died of cancer in 1908. Barely a month after her death the two boys were sent away from home to go to boarding school in England. 

Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard, unsympathetic headmaster, and he missed Belfast terribly. Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able to return to Ireland. 

After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study. This time, the experience proved to be mostly positive. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially the works of Virgil and Homer. He also developed an interest in modern languages, mastering French, German, and Italian. 

Transitions  

School-to-work transition is a historically persistent topic of educational policymaking and reform that impacts national systems of vocational education and training (Bailey, 1995). The transition process refers to a period between completion of general education and the beginning of vocational education or the beginning of gainful employment as well as to training systems, institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers (Rauner, 1999). The status passage of youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young people are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for entry into the labour market. 

While some young people have developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements, those undereducated and otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to prepare for careers (DuBois - Reymond, 1998). Longer transitions lead to a greater vulnerability and to risky behaviors (Furlong & Cartmel, 1997). 

Heart disease  

If you have a chronic disease such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or back or joint pain, exercise can have important health benefits. However, its important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she might have advice on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might need to take while exercising. 

 Alaska's Aleutian Islands  

Alaska's Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to ship wrecks. They have been part of local consciousness since a Japanese whaling shipran aground near the western end of the 1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic archipelago in 1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the ship's infestation scurried a shore and made itself at home. 

LISTENING

SST

Bad architecture

The good thing is people began to be aware of the problem and have taken some actions. It declines, documents are the only evidence, it occurs in various species, it results in huge loss and maybe will have a catastrophe, the positive thing is people began to be aware of it and are taking actions to fix it. Those conclusions are real and well documented, and they declined. Conclusions have been supported by strong evidence, which is the only one. The drivers contributed to the decline are varied depending on the species. There is a possibility of a huge loss, but the positive thing is that people began to be aware of this and take some actions to fix the problems.

UK environmental law

Before understanding international law, we should consider the domestic legislation in the UK. Introduced by Charles II, the first environmental law was of little practical effect due to lack of enforcement. Next, industrialists during the industrial revolution used Adam Smith's model to maximize the economic benefit, which was detrimental to the local environment. This led to increasing the statutory controls on the discharge of pollutants.

Earthquake

The dislocation of the rock occurs from the earth’s surface seven kilometers to several hundred kilometers vertically down to the crust. It refers to the epicenter which located vertically to the focus or hypocenter, and the energy realizes and transfers through epicenter. It will result in a seismic wave which is decreased as it moved away from the epicenter.

Wildlife

The lecture demonstrated research regarding the relationship between food and income in Africa. Their main livelihood is from wildlife, especially the fish which can provide a high level of protein. Although most people grew fish to live, they were still suffering from poverty. Therefore, their income is closely associated with food.

Smiles of babies

The smiles of babies are strategic. The reason is they want whoever they are interacting with to smile back. The researchers defined four categories of interactions between mothers and infants, including maximizing the time smiling at the mothers, maximizing the time the mothers smiling at the babies, simultaneous smiling and no smiling at all. As a result, mothers want the interaction, while babies just want to be smiled at.

City of Rome

原文：

But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they look from above today. You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth century B.C.. Now, this is interesting because what we know about the Romans is when they were left to own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn’t let it grow in an ad hoc way. They structure it in a, in a very care, very methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military planning. The Romans they couldn't have conquered the world without obviously having a masterful military enterprise and everywhere they went on their various campaigns, their various military campaigns. They would build, build camps and those camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually a very democratic plan along a grid, usually square or rectangle. So, when we begin to see the Romans build their ideal Roman city they turn to that so call ca-strum or military camp design.

power consumption

This is a 40-watt light bulb. If you leave it on all the time, it uses one kilowatt everyday. And it’s possible to express all forms of power consumption using this unit of the light bulb.

I started measuring everything around my house, around my office. And I found some surprising things. First, I plug in a phone charger. And it didn’t even register on this power meter. It uses one hundredth of a light bulb of power.

So I don’t think the phone chargers can be our NO.1 phone energy consumption. Just taking one hot bath everyday uses the same energy, same power of five light bulbs on all the time, non-stop. And I found I’ve been steadily using 40 light bulbs worth of gas for heating, making hot air or hot water. And that surprises me.

Transport is one of the biggest forms of energy consumption, and it uses about a third about our energy. If you drive an average car 50 kilometers a day, that corresponds to adding 40 light bulbs on all the time.Today, the average British person is using 125 light bulbs of power. That’s 125 light bulbs on all the time, non-stop.That’s huge.

Spectacles

Normally, however, spectacles are a part of an assemblage of items giving us an overall look. In fashion terms, they are classes of accessories, along with shoes, jewelry, handbags or watches. But in health care terms, they are called a medical device and, in many languages, other than English, they are often described as a prosthesis, an artificial part of the body, part of you, making you who you are and choosing your spectacles is therefore your major decision.

Increasingly, people own two or more pairs for different occasions or times of the day and there is a phrase for this in the industry, it is called lifestyle dispensing. And it dates back to the 1950s. The idea is that you wear one type of spectacles in the workplace and quite other at leisure or on the beach.

Misuse of Drugs

Drugs used at home can be dangerous. Drugs should be closed and stored properly so that children do not get access to it, some children can even open a child proof cap. Some people take drugs for wrong reason. Eg. some drugs used for bacterial infection can not be used for virus infection. If drugs are taken wrong, allergy might happen. If drugs are taken at wrong dosage, under wrong indication, drug resistance may develop. Recommendations Physicians should give correct indications Physicians should stress the importance of taking the drugs right to the patients. Eg patients should finish the whole course of their antibiotics.

Left-wing and Right-wing politics 左翼与右翼

Socialism originated from the 1880s, while communism originated from 1840s. They became ideologies after the French Revolution era. The left-wing means people sitting on the left side of the speaker podium, meaning aggressive political stands. While the right-wing means people sitting on the right side of the speaker podium, representing conservative to the old regime.  

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