30天自学PTE | 【第十二章】如何理解长难句（中）,图南英语微信公众号文章

在PTE考试中，阅读和听力中常常有因为句子太长看不懂、听不明白而做不出题的。

怎么办呢？

问题的关键在于对于“长难句”的理解

长难句是英语学习中让人比较头疼的一个部分。英文中的句子不同于汉语——全是简单句，没有复杂句。英语的难句可以比喻成大树，主句相当于树干，从句相当于树枝，而短语相当于叶子。看似“枝繁叶茂的”树冠，拆解掉“叶片”，只剩树干就便于理解了。

英语的难句就等于：“主句+从句+短语”

在进入主题之前，如果对于简单语法不了解的同学请先看这个帖子→

30天自学PTE | 【第四章】语法，并不是一件困难的事情。

今天我们来了解一下长难句如何理解

如何“拆”句子

任何句子都必须有谓语动词，所以找到一个谓语动词就可以拆下来一个句子。因此，理解难句的基本步骤是：

1）识别出有哪几个谓语动词；

2）找出主句的谓语动词，先理解主句；

3）再去理解从句和短语。

符号说明

1．谓语动词用黑体的斜体字表示，例如：Everyone should know …

2．从句的引导词用方框表示，例如：where the nearest firealarm box is located。

3．从句用横线表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located，表示where引导的从句。

4．插入语成分用括号表示，例如：Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may make the differencebetween…

练习1、练习2请点击链接查看：

30天自学PTE | 【第十一章】如何理解长难句（上）

练习3 分隔结构

1.Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitler’s life.

2.We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are movingabout.

3.Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their streetwhen an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching.

答案

1.Evening had now come, (the last of Adolf Hitler’slife).

结构：只有1个谓语动词：had come，分隔了主语evening和它的同位语(the last of AdolfHitler’s life)。(the lastof Adolf Hitler’s life)由于较长，所以放在了后面。本句的原型是：Evening, (the last of Adolf Hitler’s life), hadnow come.

翻译：阿道夫.希特勒生命中的最后一个夜晚已经来临了。

2.We live in a time when, (more than ever before in history), people aremoving about.

结构：共有2个谓语动词，主句的是live。(more than ever before in history)分隔了定语从句的引导词when和people are moving about。拆分为：

1)We livein a time.

2)In a time people are moving about (more than ever before in history).

翻译：在我们生活的时代中，人们四处奔波的程度远远超过历史上的任何时期。

3.Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching.

结构：共有3个谓语动词，主句的是hope。that引导的是an announcement的同位语从句，原型是an announcement that enemy missiles are approaching comes over the radio。但是，由于谓语动词太短，造成头重脚轻，所以同位语从句被放到了后面。拆分为：

1)Several neighbors hope to find … on their street.

2)When an announcement comes over the radio.

3)That enemy missiles are approaching.

翻译：当电台里面宣布敌人的导弹袭来的时候，有几个邻居希望能在街上唯一的避弹所里找到藏身之处。

练习4 倒装句型

1. Halfway across the room, a smallpistol in his hand, stood a man.

2.They do not seem to like one another very much, neither are they too keen onconventional people.

3.Down came the “white only” notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants,sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be foundeverywhere throughout the South.

答案

1. Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man.

结构

全句只有1个谓语动词：stood。本句是完全倒装结构，按正常语序应该是：A small pistol in his hand, a man stood halfway across the room. 其中，a small pistol in his hand 是一个独立主格结构，修饰主语a man.

翻译

一名男子站在屋子中间，手里拿着一支手枪。

2.They donot seem to like one another very much, neither are they too keen onconventional people.

结构

全句有2个谓语动词：do和are。本句的后半部分是一个主谓倒装的单句，按正常语序应该是：They are neithertoo keen on conventional people. 注意neither指的是“（两个中的）一个都不”。

翻译

他们看起来不太喜欢彼此。他们也都不怎么喜欢传统的人（普通人）。

3.Downcame the “white only” notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants,sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that oncecould be found everywhere throughout the South.

结构

全句有2个谓语动词：came，could be。其中主句的是：came。按照正常语序句子主干应该是：The “white only”notices…came down. Notices后面的介词短语，作为后置定语修饰notices。介词短语后面还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰notices。为了避免主语部分过于冗长，因而将主谓倒装。