本文为Vincent老师独家解析,谢绝转载!
大家好!
上周我们的预测发布了一道SWT的新题!
很多同学看到这个题都有点懵!
急大家所急,想大家所想
今天我们请Vincent老师
通过视频和文字来给大家讲解一下这道题!
先看原文
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible forenhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate andzinc. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 andvitamin D2. Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the dietand from supplements. Very few foods contain vitamin D; synthesis of vitamin D(specifically cholecalciferol) in the skin is the major natural source of thevitamin. Dermal synthesis of vitamin D from cholesterol is dependent on sunexposure Vitamin D from the diet or dermal synthesis from sunlight isbiologically inactive; activation requires enzymatic conversion (hydroxylation)in the liver and kidney. Evidence indicates the synthesis of vitamin D from sunexposure is regulated by a negative feedback loop that prevents toxicity, butbecause of uncertainty about the cancer risk from sunlight, no recommendationsare issued by the Institute of Medicine (US), for the amount of sun exposurerequired to meet vitamin D requirements. Accordingly, the Dietary ReferenceIntake for vitamin D assumes no synthesis occurs and all of a person's vitaminD is from food intake, although that will rarely occur in practice. As vitaminD is synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals exposed tosunlight[citation needed], it is not strictly a vitamin, and may be considereda hormone as its synthesis and activity occur in different locations. Vitamin Dhas a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Its discovery wasdue to effort to find the dietary substance lacking in rickets.
中文解析文字版
粗略扫过一眼,我们发现这是一篇典型介绍型的科普文章,学术名词非常多,同时并没有给我们进行分段,因此还是有一定难度的。所以需要人为给它进行分段,来看看每部分的具体内容是什么。
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible forenhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate andzinc. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 andvitamin D2. Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the dietand from supplements. Very few foods contain vitamin D; synthesis of vitamin D(specifically cholecalciferol) in the skin is the major natural source of thevitamin. Dermal synthesis of vitamin D from cholesterol is dependent on sunexposure. Vitamin D from the diet or dermal synthesis from sunlight isbiologically inactive; activation requires enzymatic conversion (hydroxylation)in the liver and kidney.
首先,文章的开头介绍了Vitamin D是什么,它是一种脂溶性的开环甾类化合物,接着介绍了它的作用——可以加强肠道对钙、铁、镁、磷和锌的吸收。文章开头直接介绍了Vitamin D是什么,遇到了专业名词我们不用深入理解它具体是什么,直接照抄即可。接下来说“对于人来来讲,最重要的维生素是VD3和VD2”,很多同学看到most important会觉得这里应该是一个强调部分,因此容易把这一句写上来。但事实上,通篇文章介绍的重点是VD的吸收和摄入,并没有专门针对VD2和VD3进行讨论,因此这一句其实是不太有用的。
接下来两个词Cholecalcifero和ergocalciferol又是俩陌生名词,其实指的就是VD3(胆钙化醇)和VD2(钙化醇)的正式学术名词,但如果第一时间没明白也没太有关系,根据前后文我们大概可以判断出它要么是VD,要么就是VD这个族(group)里的物质,直接照抄或者改写成Vitamin D即可。后续的内容说VD2和VD3可以通过膳食和补充获得,很少食物里含有VD,而它的主要来源是皮肤的合成,皮肤的合成又取决于日晒。接着讲了一个非常专业的过程,说真皮合成之后的VD是非激活状态的,它的计划需要通过肝和肾里的酶进行转化——这部分的专业术语和专业内容其实可以不用太担心,通常我们看到这一部分明显是在解释前文的内容,对前文进行进一步的阐述的时候,就可以直接放弃他。
所以总体来说,这一部分的重点在于三个:1、维生素D是什么;2、食物中维生素D含量少,皮肤合成是主要途径;3、皮肤合成需要阳光参与;
Evidence indicates the synthesis of vitamin D from sun exposure isregulated by a negative feedback loop that prevents toxicity, but because ofuncertainty about the cancer risk from sunlight, no recommendations are issuedby the Institute of Medicine (US), for the amount of sun exposure required tomeet vitamin D requirements. Accordingly, the Dietary Reference Intake forvitamin D assumes no synthesis occurs and all of a person's vitamin D is fromfood intake, although that will rarely occur in practice. As vitamin D issynthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals exposed to sunlight[citationneeded], it is not strictly a vitamin, and may be considered a hormone as itssynthesis and activity occur in different locations. Vitamin D has asignificant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Its discovery was dueto effort to find the dietary substance lacking in rickets.
第二部分,阳光合成VD是一个负反馈的循环——这个负反馈循环会防止中毒,但是,由于阳光可能导致患癌风险的不确定性,所以美国医学会没有给出需要多少量的日晒来达到VD合成的要求。同时,对于VD的DRI膳食营养参考摄入量是假设人们只从食物中摄取VD而不从皮肤合成中获取,当然这种情况一般是很少发生在实际生活中的。同时,绝大多数接受日晒的哺乳动物都能合成足够的VD,所以严格来说,它并不是一种维生素,它可以被看做是一种荷尔蒙,因为它的合成和产生作用是发生在不同的区域(解释:激素在腺体中合成,作用于靶细胞,所以合成它的地方,和它产生作用的地方不同)。VD对于钙的内稳态和代谢起着非常重要的作用,它是由于人们努力去找寻佝偻病所缺乏的营养物,并在这其中发现的。
这一部分延续着前文“VD合成需要阳光参与”,这里给出了更多的解释,同样解释并不重要。同时我们在这里可以看到一个转折“but”,由于患癌风险,所以医学机构没有给出为了获取VD暴露在阳光下的推荐时间,这里是对阳光合成VD的一个进一步讨论,是属于一个次重点,但由于文章花了比较大的篇幅讲到“阳光合成VD”和“膳食获取VD”的区别和细节,后续也解释了“因为大多数动物不缺乏(由于暴露在阳光下),所以他其实严格来说并非维生素”,因此如果字数允许,可以把这一句加上来。
在这之后,两部分原因的解释是最重要的——“因为大多数动物不缺乏(由于暴露在阳光下),所以他其实严格来说并非维生素”——这里首先给出了一个前文未提及的信息系,也是在前文我们一直提及“阳光合成VD”作为铺垫所引出的重点,所以一定是要写入总结中的。而和它作为对比“它可以被看做是一种荷尔蒙,因为它的合成和产生作用是发生在不同的区域”,这里“它是荷尔蒙”是相对比较重要的,而这一步的解释,同样是如果字数允许,可以涉及。文章的最后,提及了VD的作用,和文章的开头部分有部分的呼应,主要是介绍VD的作用,可以提及。
最后附上参考答案:
While vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids, it has asignificant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism, and very fewfoods contain vitamin D, so dermal synthesis of vitamin D from sunlightis the major source of the vitamin, but it is not strictly a vitamin,and may be considered a hormone, because most mammals exposed tosunlight can synthesize adequate amount of vitamin D. (68 words)
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