曼拓教育微信平台最新推出的“名师带你背单词”，摘录了由曼拓学员反馈的PTE考试真题中的高频词汇，以及来自各类与PTE常考学科相关的文章中的高分词汇。经由曼拓名师的归纳、总结，帮助同学们提高背单词的效率，让大家背地精准，背地方便。

这些精选的单词不仅仅适用于PTE考试，更能提高英语阅读、写作能力。如果每天都能记5-10个新单词，就再也不用担心看不懂的澳洲新闻，用不上高端的写作替换词啦！

今天曼拓君整理了这一周的词汇，帮助大家复习、回顾，加深印象。

 

曼拓君

explicitly           elude           caveat           entrepreneurial           instinct           synonym           downturn           poaching           solvent           hardship           swarm           robustness           terrain           perturbation           artificial           invert           milliseconds           rod           perturb           maneuver           spine           gluey           tripod           gait           resistant           exoskeleton           compliant           abdomen           membrane           origami           laminate           fold up           inversion           stacked           confined           compress           strain           withstand

本周的单词、词组同学们都还有印象吗？如果忘记了，赶紧跟着曼拓君再复习一下。

 

曼拓君

接下去为大家放出PTE真题以及TED Talk精选文章

 

曼拓君

《The secrets of nature’s grossest creatures, channeled Into robots》

Source：

http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_full_the_secrets_of_nature_s_grossest_creatures_channeled_into_robots?language=en

Even nature's most disgusting creatures have important secrets, but who would want a swarmof cockroaches coming towards them?

Yet one of the greatest differences betweennatural and human technologies relates to robustness.Robust systems are stable in complex and new environments. Remarkably, cockroaches canself-stabilize running over rough terrain.Whenwe put a jet pack on them,or give them a perturbation like an earthquake,we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs allow them to self-stabilize without using any of their brainpower.They can go over complex terrain like grass,no problem, and not get destabilized.We discovered a new behavior where,because of their shape,they actually roll automatically to their side to go through this artificial test bit of grass.

Robust systems can perform multiple tasks withthe same structure.Here's a new behavior we've discovered.The animals rapidly invert and disappear in less than150 milliseconds — you neversee them —using the same structures that they use to run, their legs. They can run upside downvery rapidly on rods,branches and wires,and if you perturb one of those branches,they can do this.They can perform gymnastic maneuvers like no robot we have yet.And they have nearly unlimited maneuver ability with that same structure and unprecedented access to a variety of different areas.They have wings for flying when they get warm,but they use those same wings to flip over if they get destabilized.Very effective.

Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe. This is the foot of a cockroach. It has spines, gluey pads and claws, but if you take off those feet, they can still go over rough terrain, without hardly slowing down. They can run up mesh without their feet. Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod: three legs, but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs. Here's one moving with two middle legs gone. It can even lose three legs, in a tripod, and adopt a new gait, a hopping gait.

Robust systems are also damage resistant. Here's an animal climbing up a wall. It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb, but when you slow it down, you see something very different. Here's what they do. They intentionally have a head-on collision with the wall so they don't slow down and can transition up it in 75 milliseconds. And they can do this in part because they have extraordinary exoskeletons. And they're really just made up of compliant joints that are tubes and plates connected to one another. Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach. You see these plates, and you see the compliant membrane.

My engineering colleague at Berkeleydesigned with his studentsa novel manufacturing techniquewhere you essentially origami the exoskeleton,you laser cut it, laminate it,and you fold it up into a robot.And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes.These robots are highly compliant robots,and they're remarkably robust as a resultof these features. They even have some of the behaviors of the cockroaches.So they can use their smart, compliant bodyto transition up a wall in a very simple way.They even have some of the beginnings of the rapid inversion behavior where they disappear.

Now we want to know why they can go anywhere.We discovered that they can go throughthree-millimeter gaps,the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies,and when they do this,they can actually run through those confined spacesat high speeds,although you never see it.To understand it better,we did a CT scan of the exoskeletonand showed that they can compress their bodyby over 40 percent.We put them in a materials testing machineto look at the stress strain analysisand showed that they can withstand forces800 times their body weight,and after this they can fly and runabsolutely normally.

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