2. Environmental Law

Before we consider international environmental law and climate change, we need to consider domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is put into practice. This reflects the environmentalists’ maxim, think globally act locally. United Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of mans’ activity on the environment is not new. As long ago as the reign of Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from the burning of sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed legislative controls at that time, although some were governed by self- regulation’ in the form of guilds, who regulated both supply and methods of production. However, the measures implemented were mostly ineffective because then, as now, the specifying of legal duties and standards without providing any appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions but were of little practical effect. The next stage was prompted by the Industrial Revolution with the urbanization of society and its profound effects on the environment. Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their economic benefit, but this was to the detriment of the local environment with the operation of ‘Gresham’s Law’ that is, the bad drives out the good. Those industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their employees or the local environment faced higher costs than their competitors. The result was the need for increasingly comprehensive statutory controls on the discharge of pollutants into various receiving media.

秒懂逻辑：

该题较难，主旨为在考虑国际环境事务之前先解决好本地事物，后面提到的UK law和Adam Smith的两个例子均为对其的例证。该题原文（第五页）可在下面链接找到：

https://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/id/eprint/975/1/2002_6_1&2.pdf

参考答案：

Domestic legislation needs to be considered before considering international environmental law and climate change. United Kingdom legislative control over mans’ activity on the environment were mostly ineffective because it failed to provide any appropriate enforcement. During Industrial Revolution, Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their economic benefit, which was to the detriment of the local environment and called for the need to increase control over pollutants.

10. Ice Age

In this video, we are going to find out how animal bones found in an island Cave in the Adriatic Sea tell us about the movement of people during the last glacial maximum from research carried out by Marcus. 22,000 years ago, towards the end of old stone age, also known as the paleolithic, the weather in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn for the worse, temperature plummeted, rain level fell and massive ice sheet slowly advanced to cover most of northern Europe, and stayed there for the next few thousands of years. We know that during the glacial period, many animals and species sought shelter in Europe’s warmer southern peninsulas, Liberia, Italy and Balkan. But the question is, where did the people go? Archaeological materials recovered from this time period has shown that a large number of our ancestors retreated to …, an area that covered the southwest of France and north-eastern tip of Spain. But they weren’t the only areas where people travel to, to escape the worst of weather. Let’s go back to the growing ice sheets, in order to grow, the ice mass has to take up water, causing sea levels to fall. At its maximum, when the ice reached far south of Germany, sea levels were up to 120 meters lower than today, that’s approximately the same height as the London Eye. As a result, areas of shallow sea became exposed and Europe shape was very different from the one that we recognize. It could be that humans lived on these exposed shores during the paleolithic, but we have no evidence of their settlement because now they are underwater. 

秒懂逻辑：这篇文章信息点较为多，比较考验同学们的笔记能力。

古代水位比现在低，所以人类可以居住在浅水区域，但是我们没有办法找到考古学证据，因为这些区域现在都在水下了。

参考答案：

Animal bones tell us the movement of people during the last glacial maximum. 22,000 years ago, the weather turned worse. Archaeological materials have shown that our ancestors retreated the southwest of France and north-eastern of Spain. During that time, sea levels were lower than today, and shallow sea became exposed. which allowed human to lived there, but there is no evidence of their settlement because now they are under water. 

16. Pandemic

What we know is that the impact of the pandemic would be catastrophic if it is similar to what we had in 1918. In the United States, there has been unprecedented amount of preparation so far. It... um, affects every aspect of public health. We have efforts for treatment, efforts for better prevention, clinical management, key communications, the domestic and international responses, and also efforts to try to prevent transmission within the community. The federal government has had tremendous amount of resources that they have put into development of the new antiviral drugs, antiviral drugs stockpiles; development of new vaccines and manufacturing facilities for vaccines. So, there’s quite a lot that’s happening in the United States. However, developing countries do not have the level of resources found in more developed countries. That’s the real challenge.

秒懂逻辑：该题较为常规，记住下面逻辑和个别难词即可，切忌死记硬背。

瘟疫流行的后果是毁灭性的。在1918念，尽管美国做了史无前例的准备，流行瘟疫还是严重影响了公共健康的每一个部门。美国也花了巨大的资源去研究抗病药与健康设施。然而，发展中国家并没有发达国家的条件，所以对他们来说是一个挑战。

参考答案：

The lecture is about pandemic. The impact of pandemic is catastrophic. In 1918, although the US had unprecedented amount of preparation for pandemic, it still affected every sector of public health. The US also spent tremendous amount of resources for the development of the new antiviral drugs, vaccines, and facilities. However, developing countries do not have such resources like developed countries and it is a real challenge for them.