1.       Highlighting differences 突出差异／不同

英文用法： This survey highlights a number of differences in the way that teenage boys and girls in the UK spend their free time.

中文翻译： 这项民意测验凸显出英国十几岁的男孩和女孩在打发闲暇时间上的诸多不同。

英文用法：One of the main differences between the girls and the boys who took part in the research was the way in which they use the Internet.

中文翻译： 参与了这项研究的女生和男生之间的主要差异之一在于他们使用互联网的方式。

英文用法：Unlike the girls, who use the Internet mainly to keep in touch with friends, the boys questioned in this survey tend to use the Internet for playing computer games.

中文翻译： 女生使用互联网主要是和朋友联系，这一点和男生不同，参与调查的男生往往是使用互联网来玩电脑游戏。

英文用法：The girls differ from the boys in that they tend to spend more time keeping in touch with friends on the telephone or on social networking websites.

中文翻译： 与男生不同的是，女生往往花更多的时间通过电话或社交网站与朋友保持联系。

英文用法：Compared to the boys, the girls spend much more time chatting to friends on the telephone.

中文翻译： 与男生相比，女生花在与朋友电话聊天上的时间要多得多。

英文用法：On average the girls spend four hours a week chatting to friends on the phone. In contrast, very few of the boys spend more than five minutes a day talking to their friends in this way.

中文翻译： 女生平均每周花四个小时与朋友电话聊天。相比之下，很少有男生每天以这种方式与朋友聊天五分钟以上。

英文用法：The boys prefer competitive sports and computer games, whereas/while the girls seem to enjoy more cooperative activities, such as shopping with friends.

中文翻译： 男生更喜欢竞技性体育运动和电脑游戏，而女生似乎更喜欢合作性活动，比如与朋友一起购物。

英文用法：When the girls go shopping, they mainly buy clothes and cosmetics. The boys, on the other hand, tend to purchase computer games or gadgets.

中文翻译： 女生购物时主要买衣服和化妆品，而男生往往会买电脑游戏或小器具。 

2.       Describing the effect of something 描述某事的影响

英文用法： One consequence of changes in diet over recent years has been a dramatic increase in cases of childhood obesity.

中文翻译：近年来饮食变化带来的一个结果是儿童肥胖人数急剧上升。

英文用法： Many parents today do not have time to cook healthy meals for their children. Consequently/As a consequence, many children grow up eating too much junk food.

中文翻译：现在许多家长没有时间给孩子做健康的饭菜，结果造成许多孩子在成长过程中吃过多的垃圾食品。

英文用法： Many children spend their free time watching TV instead of playing outside. As a result, more and more of them are becoming overweight.

中文翻译：许多孩子把他们的闲暇时间都花在看电视上，而不是进行户外活动，从而导致越来越多的孩子变得肥胖。

英文用法： Last year junk food was banned in schools. The effect of this has been to create a black market in the playground, with pupils bringing sweets from home to sell to other pupils.

中文翻译：去年学校禁售垃圾食品，结果是学校操场上出现了垃圾食品的黑市交易，有的学生把从家里带来的甜食卖给其他学生。

3.       Defining terms 为术语下定义

英文用法：It is important to clarify what is meant by climate change.

中文翻译：说清楚“气候变化”的含义很重要。

英文用法：Climate change can/may be defined as ‘the long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind and other aspects of the earth's climate’.

中文翻译：气候变化可以被定义为“地球气候在温度、降雨量、风力及其他方面的长期波动”。

英文用法：A generally accepted definition of global warming is the gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect.

中文翻译：对于全球变暖，普遍接受的一种定义是：由于受到温室效应的影响，地球大气层总体温度逐渐上升。

英文用法：The greenhouse effect is defined by the author as the process by which heat from the sun is trapped in the earth's atmosphere, causing the temperature of the earth to rise.

中文翻译：作者将温室效应定义为：地球大气层锁住来自太阳的热量，导致地球温度上升的过程。

英文用法：The author uses the term climate change to refer to any significant change in measures of climate lasting for an extended period.

中文翻译：作者使用“气候变化”这个术语来指代任何持续较长时间的气候的显著变化。

英文用法：The term ‘carbon footprint’ refers to the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of an individual or organization.

中文翻译：“碳足迹”这个术语指的是由于个人和组织的活动排放到大气层中的二氧化碳的量。

英文用法：Scientists suggest that increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will result in an increase in global temperatures, and the term ‘global warming’ is used to describe this phenomenon.

中文翻译：科学家认为大气层中二氧化碳的增加会导致全球气温上升，“全球变暖”这个术语就是用来描述这种现象的。

4.       Giving examples 举例

英文用法：The website has a variety of interactive exercises (e.g. matching games, crosswords and quizzes).

中文翻译：这个网站有各种各样的互动练习（比如：配对游戏、纵横填字游戏和智力测试）。

英文用法：The website has a variety of interactive exercises, including matching games, crosswords and quizzes.

中文翻译：这个网站有各种各样的互动练习，包括配对游戏、纵横填字游戏和智力测试。

英文用法：Web 2.0 technologies, such as wikis, blogs and social networking sites, have changed the way that people use the Internet.

中文翻译： Web 2.0 技术，比如维基、博客及社交网站，改变了人们使用互联网的方式。

英文用法：Many websites now allow users to contribute information. A good example of this is the ‘wiki’, a type of website that anyone can edit.

中文翻译：现在许多网站都允许用户撰写信息。维基就是一个很好的例子，它是一种任何人都可以编辑的网站。

英文用法：Wikis vary in how open they are. For example, some wikis allow anybody to edit content, while others only allow registered users to do this.

中文翻译：各维基网的开放程度不同。比如，有些维基网允许任何人编辑内容，另一些则只允许注册用户进行内容编辑。

英文用法：Wikis vary in how open they are. Some wikis, for example/for instance, allow anybody to edit content, while others only allow registered users to do this.

中文翻译：各维基网的开放程度不同。比如，有些维基网允许任何人编辑内容，另一些则只允许注册用户进行内容编辑。

英文用法：More and more people read their news on the Internet. To take one example, over 14 million people now read the online version of ‘The Oxford Herald’.

中文翻译：越来越多的人在网上阅读新闻。举个例子来说，现在有超过 1 400 万人阅读《牛

津先驱报》的网络版本。

英文用法：Online newspapers are now more popular than paper ones. ‘The Oxford Herald’ is a case in point. Its print circulation has fallen in recent years, while its website attracts millions of users every month.

中文翻译：现在，网络报纸比纸质报纸更受欢迎。《牛津先驱报》就是一个很好的例子。近年来，其印刷版发行量趋于减少，但其网站每个月却吸引上千万的用户。

5.    Highlighting an important point 强调重点

英文用法：This case emphasizes/highlights the importance of honest communication between managers and employees.

中文翻译：这个事例凸显出经理与员工之间坦诚交流的重要性。

英文用法：Effective communication skills are essential/crucial/vital.

中文翻译：有效的交流技巧是至关重要的。

英文用法：It should be noted that this study considers only verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is not dealt with here.

中文翻译：应该注意的是本研究只考查了言语交流，在此没有涉及非言语交流。

英文用法：It is important to remember that/An important point to remember is that non-verbal communication plays a key role in getting your message across.

中文翻译：非言语交流在传递信息过程中起到至关重要的作用，记住这一点非常重要。

英文用法：Communication is not only about the words you use but also your body language and, especially/above all, the effectiveness with which you listen.

中文翻译：交流不仅涉及使用的词语，同时也涉及身体语言，尤其与能否有效听取对方的话有关。

英文用法：I would like to draw attention to the role of listening in effective communication.

中文翻译：我想让大家注意到倾听在有效交流中扮演的角色。

英文用法：Choose your words carefully: in particular, avoid confusing and ambiguous language.

中文翻译：注意用词，特别是避免使用令人费解和有歧义的语言。

英文用法：Finally, and perhaps most importantly, you must learn to listen as well as to speak.

中文翻译：最后，也许是最重要的，你不仅要学会说还要学会听。

6.       Giving proof 提供证据

英文用法：There is clear evidence that TV advertising influences what children buy.

中文翻译：有明确的证据表明电视广告影响儿童的购买行为。

英文用法：It is clear from numerous studies that TV advertising influences what children buy.

中文翻译：众多研究清楚地表明电视广告影响儿童的购买行为。

英文用法：Recent research demonstrates that TV advertising influences children's spending habits.

中文翻译：最近的研究表明电视广告影响儿童的消费习惯。

英文用法：Many parents think that TV advertising influences their children. This view is supported by the findings of a recent study, which show a clear link between television advertisements and children's spending habits.

中文翻译：许多家长认为电视广告对他们的孩子会产生影响。这一观点得到近期的研究结果的支持，即电视广告和儿童消费习惯之间有明显的关联。

英文用法：The findings also reveal that most children are unaware of the persuasive purpose of advertising.

中文翻译：这些研究结果还显示大多数儿童没有意识到广告的说服意图。

英文用法：There is little evidence that children understand the persuasive intent of advertising.

中文翻译：几乎没有证据表明儿童能够理解广告的说服意图。

英文用法：The results contradict claims that advertising is unrelated to children's spending habits.

中文翻译：这些研究结果否定了广告与儿童消费习惯无关的说法。

英文用法：Manufacturers argue that it is difficult to prove that advertising alone influences what children buy.

中文翻译：生产厂商争辩说，很难证明单凭广告就能影响儿童的购买行为

7.       Making an exception 说明例外的情况

英文用法：She wrote all of the songs on the album except for the final track.

中文翻译：除最后一首歌外，这张专辑中所有歌曲都是她写的。

英文用法：Apart from/aside from the final track, all of the songs on the album were written by her.

中文翻译：除最后一首歌外，这张专辑中所有歌曲都是她写的。

英文用法：The songwriting— with a few minor exceptions —is of a very high quality.

中文翻译：除了几首歌美中不足以外，歌曲创作质量非常高。

英文用法：With only one or two exceptions, the songwriting is of a very high quality.

中文翻译：歌曲创作质量非常高，仅有一两首歌例外。

英文用法：The majority of the compositions are less than three minutes long, with the notable exception of the title track.

中文翻译：大多数曲目的长度都不超过三分钟，只有与专辑同名的曲目是明显的例外。

英文用法：With the exception of the title track, this album is a huge disappointment.

中文翻译：这张专辑令人大失所望，只有与专辑同名的曲目还过得去。

英文用法：Here is a list of all the band's CDs, excluding unofficial ‘bootleg’ recordings.

中文翻译：这是这个乐队所有 CD 的清单，不包括未经批准非法录制的作品。