9月25 Navitas

RL  Structure change in Europe; Immigrant and government aids, Mega city

Economic structure in Europe

参考答案：The lecture is mainly about change in economic structure in Europe.

In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that after industrial revolutions, around the beginning of 20th（or 19th century,） the economic structure in Europe changed dramatically.

Lots of machinery had been used in manufacturing such as steam engine. Because of this, the circulation of goods and services had become faster and so accumulated more wealth.

And this consequently leads to an expansion of middle class population. This again contributed to more accumulation of social wealth.

Mega city

参考答案：This lecture is about the relationship of Resource and population.

in 1900, the population was about 1.5 billion and it increased 4 folds to 6 billion in 2000.

 The increase of energy consumption increased by 16 folds.

Due to globalization and urbanization, cities, which only account for 2% of the land, have 50% of the total population and consume 75% of the resources.

SWT Napping , song birds

 Napping

参考文献：Could midday napping save your life? If the experience of Greek men is any guide, the answer just may be yes.

In a study released yesterday, researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health and in Athens reported that Greeks who took regular 30-minute siestas were 37 percent less likely to die of heart disease over a six-year period than those who never napped. The scientists tracked more than 23,000 adults, finding that the benefits of napping were most pronounced for working men.

Researchers have long recognized that Mediterranean adults die of heart disease at a rate lower than Americans and northern Europeans. Diets rich in olive oil and other heart-healthy foods have received some of the credit, but scientists have been intrigued by the potential role of napping.

The study, published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, concluded that napping was more likely than diet or physical activity to lower the incidence of heart attacks and other life-ending heart ailments. Essentially, they said, sleep at any time of day acts like a valve to release the stress of everyday life. Still, the authors cautioned that further research is needed to confirm their findings.

Specialists not involved with the study said there are sound biochemical reasons to believe that a nap may help protect against heart disease.

参考答案: A study conclude that napping was more likely than diet or physical activity to lower the incidence of heart attacks and other life-ending heart ailments, because sleep at any time of day acts like a valve to release the stress of everyday life, which claim is supported by sound biochemical reasons and requires further research to confirm.

Songbird

参考文献：Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established, even cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are changing tune.

László Garamszegi of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied the literature on 233 European songbird species. Of the 109 for which information on females was available, they found evidence for singing in 101 species. In only eight species could the team conclude that females did not sing.

Females that sing have been overlooked, the team say, because their songs are quiet, they are mistaken for males from their similar plumage or they live in less well studied areas such as the tropics. Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for the oversight. “He emphasised the importance of male sexual display, and this is what everyone has been looking at.”

The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an evolutionary family tree for their songbirds, Garamszegi’s team discovered that, in at least two bird families, singing evolved in females first. They suggest these ancient females may have been using their songs to deter other females from their territories, to coordinate breeding activities with males, or possibly to attract mates.

“It leaves us with a perplexing question,” says Garamszegi. “What evolutionary forces drove some females to give up singing?”

SST Talent war, Indian peasant

Talent war

参考答案：There are three reasons lead to the war of talent. Firstly, the nature of economy changes, where they need intellectual skilled people and those who are analytical and creative. This demand is increasing but does not have enough supply. Secondly, mismatch between the knowledge learned from university and the knowledge from workplace. They all have degree, but less of them like to dedicate to science and engineering. Thirdly, population is shrinking. There is a shortage of talent. Talent is premium. 

Indian peasants

参考答案：The debt in India has been increased these years, and debtors are unlikely to pay off.

Once they try to borrow money from seed company to pay off their debts and buy seeds and pesticide, it will only become a vicious circle.

Along with the globalization of free market, this issue has become more severe, and most of the creditors are in the same industry, which sell pesticides and seeds.

WFD

1.Animals raised in captivity behave differently from their wild counterparts.

2.If it helps to take notes in order to concentrate, please do so.