在PTE考试中，阅读和听力中常常有因为句子太长看不懂、听不明白而做不出题的。
怎 么 办 呢？
问题的关键在于对于“长难句”的理解
长难句是英语学习中让人比较头疼的一个部分。英文中的句子不同于汉语——全是简单句，没有复杂句。英语的难句可以比喻成大树，主句相当于树干，从句相当于树枝，而短语相当于叶子。看似“枝繁叶茂的”树冠，拆解掉“叶片”，只剩树干就便于理解了。
英语的难句就等于：“主句+从句+短语”
在进入主题之前，如果对于简单语法不了解的同学请先看这个帖子→
30天自学PTE | 【第四章】语法，并不是一件困难的事情。
今天我们来了解一下长难句如何理解
如何“拆”句子
任何句子都必须有谓语动词，所以找到一个谓语动词就可以拆下来一个句子。因此，理解难句的基本步骤是：
1）识别出有哪几个谓语动词；
2）找出主句的谓语动词，先理解主句；
3）再去理解从句和短语。
符号说明
1．谓语动词用黑体的斜体字表示，例如：Everyone should know …
2．从句的引导词用方框表示，例如：where the nearest firealarm box is located。
3．从句用横线表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located，表示where引导的从句。
4．插入语成分用括号表示，例如：Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may make the differencebetween…
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练习5 分词
1. A homeowner can get hurt trying to use the wrong kind of extinguisher on anelectrical fire.
2. Bolenciecwcz was staring at the floor, trying to think, his huge hands rubbingtogether, his face red.
3. Facing the Atlantic, it is on the northeasterncoast of the
答案
1. A homeowner can get hurt trying to use the wrong kind of extinguisher on anelectrical fire.
结构：全句只有1个谓语动词：can get。句子主干是：A homeowner can get hurt。trying touse the wrong kind of extinguisher on an electrical fire是一个现在分词结构，在句中作条件状语，修饰谓语动词. Try to dosomething是一个固定用法，表示“试图，试着做某事” 。
翻译：如果业主在电气火灾中使用了错误的灭火器，可能会受伤。
2. Bolenciecwcz was staring at the floor, tryingto think, his huge hands rubbing together, his face red.结构：全句只有1个谓语动词：was staring。trying tothink是一个现在分词短语作伴随方式状语，表示主语Bolenciecwcz在staring的同时还在trying to think。同时，后面的两个独立主格结构his huge hands rubbing together和his face red也是伴随方式状语。
翻译：伯伦西维茨盯着地面，试图思考，他搓着大大的双手，脸色通红。
3. Facing the Atlantic, it ison the northeastern coast of the
结构：全句有2个谓语动词：is和is built。整个句子由两个完整的单句组成。句首的现在分词短语Facing the Atlantic在句子中作方式状语。
翻译：它面临大西洋，坐落于美国的东北海岸线，其城市的大部分建设在岛屿上。
练习6 从句
1. First it will pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plasticbags in which rubbish is usually packed.
2. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or sheacts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.
3. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic Americanvalues such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity and hard work are protected.
答案
1. First it will pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed.
结构
全句有3个谓语动词：will pass，will tear和is。其中主句的是will pass。句子主干是it will pass through sharp metal bars。第一个which引导的定语从句修饰的是sharp metal bars。第二个which引导的定语从句修饰的是the plastic bags。这是大定语从句里面还有一个小定语从句。句子可以拆分为：
1. First it will pass through sharp metal bars.
2. The metal bars will tear open the plastic bags.
3. Rubbish is usually packed in the bags.
翻译 ：首先，垃圾要通过尖的金属棒，金属棒会把装垃圾的塑料袋弄破。
2. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.
结构 全句有4组谓语动词：talk，mean，acts/speaks/thinks/feels和make。其中主句的是：mean。句首是When引导的时间状语从句。之后which引导的定语从句和that引导的定语从句都是修饰the ways的。句子可以拆分为：
1.We talk about someone’s personality.
2.We mean the ways.
3.He or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels in these ways.
4.These make that individual different from others.
翻译：当我们谈到某个人的个性时，我们指的是他/她在行为，言谈和思考以及感觉等方面的方式。这些方式使这个人区别于他人。
3. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity and hard work are protected.
结构：全句有3个谓语动词：is, is和are protected。其中主句的是：is, is。全句由两个有递进关系的单句构成。其中，which引导的是定语从句，修饰the means。句子可被拆分为：
1. Competition is not only good in itself.
2. It is the means.
3. Other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity and hard work are protected by these means.
翻译：竞争不但本身就是好事，还是其他基本的美国价值观如个人自由，机会平等和勤奋工作等得到保护的手段。
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